This will unlikely be more than many care to know, nonetheless it is part of what needs to be known to properly tunes an engine--so here goes.
Lambda (λ) is a dimensionless (ratio) value like AFR, where λ 1.0 indicates a perfect oxygen to fuel ratio for any fuel. I.e. when the perfect amount of oxygen is being combined with the perfect amount of fuel (whatever those quantifiable amounts might be). This is called the
stoichiometric mixture. Measuring lambda works for any fuel, λ 1.0 will always be the perfect mix regardless of the fuel being used.
A lambda value of less than 1 indicates a rich mix, for example λ 0.9 (0.9:1) indicates that only 9/10ths of the perfect amount of air is being mixed with perfect amount of fuel--not enough air = rich.
Lambda 1.1 (1.1:1) on the other hand indicates that 1.1 times the perfect amount of air is being mixed with the perfect amount of fuel--too much air = lean.
O² sensors are often and more correctly called lambda sensors as they do not actually measure oxygen but rather the ratio of the oxygen content of the burned fuel to that in the atmosphere (they are vented to the outside).
So what is what we know and love as AFR? Turns out that he quantifiable stoichiometric (λ = 1.0) mix for gasoline is 14.64 to 14.68:1, with 14.7 the commonly used value as it is close enough. I.e. 14.7 parts of air (not oxygen, air) mixed with 1 part of gasoline. To convert AFR (for gasoline) to lambda just divide the AFR by 14.7:
- If AFR is 13:1 then λ = 13/14.7 = λ 0.88;
- If AFR is 16:1 then λ = 16/14.7 = λ 1.1;
All wideband O² systems I have seen actually measure and report lambda, then multiply the lambda value by 14.7 (many can be programmed for other fuels) so as to display AFR in terms we can relate to.
While on this subject, the stoichiometric mix for E-10 (10% ethanol) gasoline is 14.13:1; but before you run out to reprogram your wideband O² system remember what I said above, "wideband systems...measure and report lambda" and generally convert that to gasoline AFR for display to we humans. Therefore, and withing reason, it doesn't matter what the display says as long as you know that AFR 14.7:1 = λ 1.0. Rich will always be displayed as less than 14.7:1 and leans will always be shown as more than 14.7:1.